of human beings to affect their salvation. According to Aquinas, the goal of human life is union and fellowship with God. This beautific vision is achieved when a human being cooperates with God’s gift of grace and habituates (makes a habit of) an ethically virtuous life. God initiates the act of justification and salvation by giving humanity the grace to live righteously, but one must still live righteously. Many of the Ockhamists with which Luther studied learned their theology from Gabriel Biel.
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